西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：國產SUV精品一區二區:www.yinjianyunshu.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是國產SUV精品一區二區:西安(an)鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理化學性質及其(qi)分(fen)類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發(fa)現最早而(er)(er)且(qie)又(you)是(shi)常(chang)被應(ying)用得(de)得(de)心應(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學符號是(shi)Cu、原子序數是(shi)29、原子量是(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)(se)澤(ze)呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)(se)，比重(zhong)是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點是(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地(di)軟而(er)(er)韌，其延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)(gong)，導電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，尤其是(shi)加熱更易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，不(bu)能(neng)做(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用生成(cheng)(cheng)褐色(se)(se)(se)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)作(zuo)用形成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)氯形成(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良(liang)好(hao)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以(yi)可(ke)做(zuo)其它電鍍(du)金(jin)屬(shu)之底鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)做(zuo)為(wei)(wei)防(fang)止滲碳(tan)氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)實(shi)用于鋅鑄件電鍍(du)打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)(yi)(yi)電鍍(du)，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)量僅(jin)次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而(er)(er)熔點低，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)絕(jue)大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能(neng)很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)(se)(se)澤(ze)渾厚、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)和各種(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、各種(zhong)環境配合，既(ji)可(ke)制作(zuo)大(da)型壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)，又(you)可(ke)做(zuo)靈(ling)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)。所以(yi)這種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)受(shou)到(dao)很多(duo)藝(yi)(yi)術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛(ai)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)許多(duo)壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金(jin)屬(shu)錫冶煉(lian)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般(ban)只適于制作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)料(liao)后熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)熔點卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到(dao)800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)，有一(yi)定(ding)準(zhun)確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并(bing)有一(yi)種(zhong)華貴(gui)、古(gu)雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)。
二、國產SUV精品一區二區:西安鍛銅(tong)浮雕(diao)的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感和(he)(he)(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)之美(mei)(mei)是集材(cai)質之美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)之美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)(he)藝(yi)術(shu)之美(mei)(mei)三(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結晶。因(yin)此，學(xue)習(xi)和(he)(he)(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)需要(yao)從這(zhe)三(san)者入手，即使是藝(yi)術(shu)欣賞也(ye)是需要(yao)這(zhe)三(san)方面來(lai)進行(xing)，如果(guo)只是從一個方面就(jiu)很難(nan)了(le)解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)內(nei)涵(han)。由(you)于不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結構(gou)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)對加(jia)工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所(suo)以成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)制作(zuo)方法(fa)主要(yao)包括鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接(jie)(jie)、鉚接(jie)(jie)、切(qie)割等五大(da)加(jia)工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而(er)且(qie)在(zai)裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)方面還主要(yao)有(you)鑲(xiang)嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍(du)金和(he)(he)(he)鍍(du)銀三(san)大(da)類(lei)(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄造(zao)工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是(shi)銅雕塑(su)的最古老的成型(xing)工(gong)藝之一，它(ta)的加工(gong)方法是(shi)首(shou)先要用黏(nian)土(tu)或者其它(ta)可(ke)塑(su)材(cai)料(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)，之后進行澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的不同，主要分為陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失(shi)蠟鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱(cheng)翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是我國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造技(ji)術(shu)之一，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先早在(zai)(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了這(zhe)種工藝(yi)，并用(yong)此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成就(jiu)了享譽(yu)世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅文化(hua)。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造方法首先是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)精選細黏(nian)土(tu)敷(fu)在(zai)(zai)模(mo)型上，待半(ban)干(gan)(gan)(gan)時分塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就(jiu)形(xing)成了外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分片多(duo)少視造型的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)程度而定。如果要(yao)鑄(zhu)成中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)或器物，在(zai)(zai)做好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)做陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)造型的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)預先做好(hao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注口和出(chu)氣孔。最后(hou)把內、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來，并敷(fu)上泥層進行加固。做好(hao)上述工作(zuo)，即可以熔(rong)銅澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)了。對(dui)于(yu)造型復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造往(wang)往(wang)無(wu)法一次成型，因此需(xu)要(yao)采用(yong)分鑄(zhu)法。比如全身(shen)人像雕(diao)塑(su)，我們將其頭與身(shen)體(ti)(ti)、四肢(zhi)分別(bie)制(zhi)成陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出(chu)，再與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來，澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)時四肢(zhi)便(bian)與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)成一體(ti)(ti)了。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精品一區二區:鍛(duan)銅雕塑(su)定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理化學性質及其(qi)分(fen)類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發(fa)現最早而(er)(er)且(qie)又(you)是(shi)常(chang)被應(ying)用得(de)得(de)心應(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學符號是(shi)Cu、原子序數是(shi)29、原子量是(shi)63.546，色(se)(se)(se)澤(ze)呈玫瑰紅色(se)(se)(se)，比重(zhong)是(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熔點是(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質地(di)軟而(er)(er)韌，其延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)塑(su)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加工(gong)(gong)，導電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，尤其是(shi)加熱更易(yi)(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，不(bu)能(neng)做(zuo)防(fang)護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用生成(cheng)(cheng)褐色(se)(se)(se)硫化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)二氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碳(tan)作(zuo)用形成(cheng)(cheng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會(hui)和空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)氯形成(cheng)(cheng)氯化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良(liang)好(hao)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)拋(pao)旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以(yi)可(ke)做(zuo)其它電鍍(du)金(jin)屬(shu)之底鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)做(zuo)為(wei)(wei)防(fang)止滲碳(tan)氮化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)實(shi)用于鋅鑄件電鍍(du)打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來(lai)源(yuan)充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)(yi)(yi)電鍍(du)，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)控制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)量僅(jin)次于鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單(dan)純的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而(er)(er)熔點低，容易(yi)(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)絕(jue)大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)指紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)言。紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能(neng)很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)(se)(se)澤(ze)渾厚、穩重(zhong)，可(ke)和各種(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)、各種(zhong)環境配合，既(ji)可(ke)制作(zuo)大(da)型壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)，又(you)可(ke)做(zuo)靈(ling)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點綴裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)。所以(yi)這種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)受(shou)到(dao)很多(duo)藝(yi)(yi)術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛(ai)，成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)許多(duo)壁畫、雕(diao)塑(su)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)首(shou)選材(cai)(cai)料(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加入金(jin)屬(shu)錫冶煉(lian)而(er)(er)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬，相對延(yan)展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板材(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般(ban)只適于制作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少、大(da)塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)里加入了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)料(liao)后熔化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高(gao)，但(dan)是(shi)熔點卻由原初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到(dao)800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)易(yi)(yi)(yi)加工(gong)(gong)，有一(yi)定(ding)準(zhun)確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)，并(bing)有一(yi)種(zhong)華貴(gui)、古(gu)雅、莊重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)(se)(se)彩(cai)。
銅(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)技術(shu)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)程序，會產生不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)視覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感和(he)(he)(he)觸覺(jue)美(mei)(mei)感。銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)的(de)(de)藝(yi)術(shu)之美(mei)(mei)是集材(cai)質之美(mei)(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)之美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)(he)藝(yi)術(shu)之美(mei)(mei)三(san)者綜合的(de)(de)結晶。因(yin)此，學(xue)習(xi)和(he)(he)(he)研究銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)需要(yao)從這(zhe)三(san)者入手，即使是藝(yi)術(shu)欣賞也(ye)是需要(yao)這(zhe)三(san)方面來(lai)進行(xing)，如果(guo)只是從一個方面就(jiu)很難(nan)了(le)解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)把握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)藝(yi)術(shu)的(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)內(nei)涵(han)。由(you)于不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)和(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)、結構(gou)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)制雕(diao)塑(su)(su)對加(jia)工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)。所(suo)以成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)制作(zuo)方法(fa)主要(yao)包括鑄造(zao)、鍛造(zao)、焊接(jie)(jie)、鉚接(jie)(jie)、切(qie)割等五大(da)加(jia)工(gong)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)，而(er)且(qie)在(zai)裝飾工(gong)藝(yi)方面還主要(yao)有(you)鑲(xiang)嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍(du)金和(he)(he)(he)鍍(du)銀三(san)大(da)類(lei)(lei)。
（一(yi)）鑄造(zao)工(gong)藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)藝是(shi)銅雕塑(su)的最古老的成型(xing)工(gong)藝之一，它(ta)的加工(gong)方法是(shi)首(shou)先要用黏(nian)土(tu)或者其它(ta)可(ke)塑(su)材(cai)料(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)，之后進行澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的不同，主要分為陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失(shi)蠟鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱(cheng)翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是我國最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)造技(ji)術(shu)之一，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先早在(zai)(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了這(zhe)種工藝(yi)，并用(yong)此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成就(jiu)了享譽(yu)世界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅文化(hua)。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造方法首先是制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是指用(yong)于(yu)鑄(zhu)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)精選細黏(nian)土(tu)敷(fu)在(zai)(zai)模(mo)型上，待半(ban)干(gan)(gan)(gan)時分塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙燒成為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就(jiu)形(xing)成了外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分片多(duo)少視造型的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜(za)程度而定。如果要(yao)鑄(zhu)成中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)或器物，在(zai)(zai)做好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還(huan)要(yao)做陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)造型的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚(hou)度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上部要(yao)預先做好(hao)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注口和出(chu)氣孔。最后(hou)把內、外(wai)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來，并敷(fu)上泥層進行加固。做好(hao)上述工作(zuo)，即可以熔(rong)銅澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)了。對(dui)于(yu)造型復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)塑(su)，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)造往(wang)往(wang)無(wu)法一次成型，因此需(xu)要(yao)采用(yong)分鑄(zhu)法。比如全身(shen)人像雕(diao)塑(su)，我們將其頭與身(shen)體(ti)(ti)、四肢(zhi)分別(bie)制(zhi)成陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先將四肢(zhi)鑄(zhu)好(hao)暫不拿出(chu)，再與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)接起(qi)來，澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)鑄(zhu)軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)時四肢(zhi)便(bian)與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)鑄(zhu)成一體(ti)(ti)了。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營國產SUV精品一區二區:鍛(duan)銅雕塑(su)定(ding)制(zhi),浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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